Cómo citar
Pérez-Soria, J. (2022). Racismo y vida cotidiana: experiencias de migrantes mexicanos en California. Norteamérica, Revista Académica Del CISAN-UNAM, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.22201/cisan.24487228e.2022.1.499
Resumen
En este artículo se analizan dos fenómenos estrechamente relacionados con el racismo: la segregación y la discriminación de población inmigrante procedente de México, a partir del análisis de 15 experiencias de mujeres y hombres inmigrantes se da cuenta de cómo se expresa la racialización en los patrones de asentamiento, en el trabajo y en la vida cotidiana en diferentes ciudades de California. Se parte de que la segregación socioespacial y la discriminación de la población inmigrante procedente de México está vinculada profundamente con la raza -como categoría de desigualdad primaria. El estatus migratorio suele justificar la desigualdad cuando se trata de población inmigrante, pero oculta el efecto de las relaciones y las jerarquías raciales que han definido y mantenido la posición de los grupos. Los resultados muestran cómo se vive en contextos segregados y las formas de discriminación que enfrentan las personas inmigrantes mexicanas.
Citas
Alarcón, Rafael, Luis Escala y Olga Odgers. (2016) Making Los Angeles Home. The integration of Mexican Immigrants in The United States, University of California Press, Oakland, California.
Alba, Richard y Victor Nee. (2003) Remarking the American Mainstream. Assimilation and contemporary immigration, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Almaguer, Tomás. (1994) Racial Fault Lines, The Historical Origins of White Supremacy in California, University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
Aquino Moreschi, Alejandra. (2015) “Porque si llamas al miedo, el miedo te friega”: La ilegalización de los trabajadores migrantes y sus efectos en las subjetividades”, en Estudios Fronterizos, vol. 16, núm. 32, pp. 75-98.
Atkinson, Rowland y John Flint. (2001) “Accessing hidden and hard-to-reach populations: snowball researcher strategies”, disponible en <https://sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU33.html>, consultado el 17 de junio de 2019.
Balderrama, Francisco y Raymond Rodríguez. (2006) Decade of Betrayal. Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Blumer, Herbert. (1958) “Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Privilege”, en Pacific Sociological Review, vol., núm. 1, pp. 3-7.
Bogardus, Emory. (1930) “The Mexican Immigrant and Segregation”, en American Journal of Sociology, vol. 36, núm. 1, pp. 74-80.
Brown, Hana E., Jennifer A. Jones y Andrea Becker. (2018) “The Racialization of Latino Immigrants in New Destinations: Criminality, Ascription, and Countermobilization”, en RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, vol. 4, núm. 5, pp. 118–40.
Bürkner, Hans-Joachim. (2012) “Intersectionality: How Gender Studies Might Inspire the Analysis of Social Inequality among Migrants”, en Population, Space and Place, vol. 18, núm. 2, pp. 181–95.
Byng, Michelle. (2013) “You Can’t Get There from Here: A Social Process Theory of Racism and Race”, en Critical Sociology, vol. 39, núm. 5, pp. 705–715.
Camarillo, Albert. (1979) Chicano in a Changing Society, from Mexican Pueblos to American Barrios in Santa Barbara and Southern California, 1848-1930, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Casanova, Saskias. (2012) “The Stigmatization and Resilience of a Female Indigenous Mexican Immigrant”, en Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, vol. 34, núm. 3, pp. 375-403.
Cho, Sumi, Kimberle Williams Crenshaw y Leslie McCall. (2013) “Toward a Field of Intersectionality Studies: Theory, Applications, and Praxis”, en Signs, vol. 38, núm, 4, pp. 785–810.
Crowder, Kyle, Matthew Hall y Stewart Tolnay. (2011) “Neighborhood Immigration and Natie Out-Migration, en American Sociological Review, vol. 76, núm. 1, pp. 25-47.
Denzin, Norman K. y Yvonna S. Lincoln. (2011) El campo de la investigación cualitativa, vol. I, Gedisa, Barcelona.
Ebert, Kim y Sarah Ovink. (2014) “Anti-Immigrant Ordinances and Discrimination in New and Established Destinations”, en American Behavioral Scientist, vol. 58, núm. 13, pp. 1784-1804.
Ellis, Mark, Richard Wright y Virginia Parks. (2004) “Work Together, Live Apart? Geographies of Racial and Ethnic Segregation at Home and at Work”, en Annals of Association of American Geographers, vol. 94, núm. 3, pp. 620-637.
Feagin, Joe. (1991) “The Continuing Significance of Race: Antiblack Discrimination in Public Places”, en American Sociological Review, vol. 56, núm. 1, pp. 101-116.
Flick, Uwe. (2007) Introducción a la investigación cualitativa, Morata S. L., Madrid.
Fredrickson, George. (2002) Racism. A short history, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Gamio, Manuel. (1930) Mexican immigration to the United States: A study of human migration and adjustment, The University of Chicago Press, Illinois, Chicago.
García, San Juanita. (2017) “Racializing “Illegality”: An Intersectional Approach to Understanding How Mexican origin Women Navigate an Anti-immigrant Climate”, en Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, vol. 3, núm. 4, pp. 474–490.
Garson, David. (2016) Grounded Theory, Statistical Associates Blue Book Series.
Glaser, Barney y Anselm Strauss. (1967) The Discovery of Grounded Theory. Strategies for Qualitative Research, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, University Press, London.
Gómez-Quiñones, Juan. (1994) Mexican American Labor 1790-1990, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, Nuevo Mexico.
González, Gilbert. (1991) “Labor and Community: The Camps of Mexican Citrus Pickers in Southern California”, en The Western Historical Quarterly, vol. 22, núm. 3, pp. 289-312.
Gordon, Milton M. (1964) Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion and National Origin, Oxford University Press. New York.
Guest, Greg, Arwen Bunce y Laura Johnson. (2006) “How Many Interviews Are Enough?: An Experiment with Data Saturation and Variability”, Field Methods, vol. 18, núm. 1, pp. 59 –82.
Gutiérrez, David G. (1995) Walls and Mirrors. Mexican Americans, Mexican immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity, University of California Press, Berkeley.
Heller, Agnes. (1987) Historia y Vida Cotidiana, Ediciones Península, Barcelona.
Lacayo, Celia Olivia. (2017) “Perpetual Inferiority: Whites’ Racial Ideology toward Latinos”, en Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, vol. 3, núm. 4, pp. 566–579.
Lyman, Standford. (1991) “Civilization, Culture, and Color: Changing Foundations of Robert E. Park's Sociology of Race Relations”, en International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, vol. 4, núm. 3, pp. 285-300.
MacIntosh, Tracy, Mayur M. Desai, Tene T. Lewis, Beth A. Jones, y Marcella Nunez-Smith. (2013) “Socially-assigned Race, Healthcare Discrimination and Preventative Healthcare Services”, en PLoS ONE, vol. 8, núm. 5, pp. 1–7.
Menchaca, Martha. (1995) The Mexican Outsider, a community history of marginalization and discrimination in California, University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas.
Ochoa, Gilda. (2004) Becoming Neighbors in a Mexican American Community, Power, Conflict, and Solidarity, University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas.
Omi, Michel y Howard Winant. (2015) Racial Formation in the Unted States, Routledge, Nueva York.
Park, Robert E. (1950) Race and Culture, The Free Press, Glencoe, Illinois.
Raffaelli, Marcela y Angela Wiley. (2012) “Challenges and Strengths of Immigrant Latino Families in the Rural West”, en Journal Family Issues, vol. 34, núm. 3, pp 347-372.
Sáenz, Rogelio y Karen M. Douglas. (2015) “A Call for the Racialization of Immigration Studies: On the Transition of Ethnic Immigrants to Racialized Immigrants”, en Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, vol. 1, núm. 1, pp. 166 -180.
Schaub, Jean-Frédéric. (2015) Pour une historie politique de la race, Éditions du Seuil, Francia.
Telles, Edward. (2010) “Mexican Americans and Immigrant Incorporation” en Contexs, vol. 9, núm., 1, pp. 28-33.
Vargas, Edward D., Nadia C. Winston, John A. Garcia y Gabriel R. Sanchez. (2016) “Latina/o or Mexicana/o? The Relationship between Socially Assigned Race and Experience with Discrimination”, en Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, vol. 2, núm. 4, pp. 498-515.
Alba, Richard y Victor Nee. (2003) Remarking the American Mainstream. Assimilation and contemporary immigration, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Almaguer, Tomás. (1994) Racial Fault Lines, The Historical Origins of White Supremacy in California, University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
Aquino Moreschi, Alejandra. (2015) “Porque si llamas al miedo, el miedo te friega”: La ilegalización de los trabajadores migrantes y sus efectos en las subjetividades”, en Estudios Fronterizos, vol. 16, núm. 32, pp. 75-98.
Atkinson, Rowland y John Flint. (2001) “Accessing hidden and hard-to-reach populations: snowball researcher strategies”, disponible en <https://sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU33.html>, consultado el 17 de junio de 2019.
Balderrama, Francisco y Raymond Rodríguez. (2006) Decade of Betrayal. Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Blumer, Herbert. (1958) “Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Privilege”, en Pacific Sociological Review, vol., núm. 1, pp. 3-7.
Bogardus, Emory. (1930) “The Mexican Immigrant and Segregation”, en American Journal of Sociology, vol. 36, núm. 1, pp. 74-80.
Brown, Hana E., Jennifer A. Jones y Andrea Becker. (2018) “The Racialization of Latino Immigrants in New Destinations: Criminality, Ascription, and Countermobilization”, en RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, vol. 4, núm. 5, pp. 118–40.
Bürkner, Hans-Joachim. (2012) “Intersectionality: How Gender Studies Might Inspire the Analysis of Social Inequality among Migrants”, en Population, Space and Place, vol. 18, núm. 2, pp. 181–95.
Byng, Michelle. (2013) “You Can’t Get There from Here: A Social Process Theory of Racism and Race”, en Critical Sociology, vol. 39, núm. 5, pp. 705–715.
Camarillo, Albert. (1979) Chicano in a Changing Society, from Mexican Pueblos to American Barrios in Santa Barbara and Southern California, 1848-1930, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Casanova, Saskias. (2012) “The Stigmatization and Resilience of a Female Indigenous Mexican Immigrant”, en Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, vol. 34, núm. 3, pp. 375-403.
Cho, Sumi, Kimberle Williams Crenshaw y Leslie McCall. (2013) “Toward a Field of Intersectionality Studies: Theory, Applications, and Praxis”, en Signs, vol. 38, núm, 4, pp. 785–810.
Crowder, Kyle, Matthew Hall y Stewart Tolnay. (2011) “Neighborhood Immigration and Natie Out-Migration, en American Sociological Review, vol. 76, núm. 1, pp. 25-47.
Denzin, Norman K. y Yvonna S. Lincoln. (2011) El campo de la investigación cualitativa, vol. I, Gedisa, Barcelona.
Ebert, Kim y Sarah Ovink. (2014) “Anti-Immigrant Ordinances and Discrimination in New and Established Destinations”, en American Behavioral Scientist, vol. 58, núm. 13, pp. 1784-1804.
Ellis, Mark, Richard Wright y Virginia Parks. (2004) “Work Together, Live Apart? Geographies of Racial and Ethnic Segregation at Home and at Work”, en Annals of Association of American Geographers, vol. 94, núm. 3, pp. 620-637.
Feagin, Joe. (1991) “The Continuing Significance of Race: Antiblack Discrimination in Public Places”, en American Sociological Review, vol. 56, núm. 1, pp. 101-116.
Flick, Uwe. (2007) Introducción a la investigación cualitativa, Morata S. L., Madrid.
Fredrickson, George. (2002) Racism. A short history, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Gamio, Manuel. (1930) Mexican immigration to the United States: A study of human migration and adjustment, The University of Chicago Press, Illinois, Chicago.
García, San Juanita. (2017) “Racializing “Illegality”: An Intersectional Approach to Understanding How Mexican origin Women Navigate an Anti-immigrant Climate”, en Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, vol. 3, núm. 4, pp. 474–490.
Garson, David. (2016) Grounded Theory, Statistical Associates Blue Book Series.
Glaser, Barney y Anselm Strauss. (1967) The Discovery of Grounded Theory. Strategies for Qualitative Research, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, University Press, London.
Gómez-Quiñones, Juan. (1994) Mexican American Labor 1790-1990, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, Nuevo Mexico.
González, Gilbert. (1991) “Labor and Community: The Camps of Mexican Citrus Pickers in Southern California”, en The Western Historical Quarterly, vol. 22, núm. 3, pp. 289-312.
Gordon, Milton M. (1964) Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion and National Origin, Oxford University Press. New York.
Guest, Greg, Arwen Bunce y Laura Johnson. (2006) “How Many Interviews Are Enough?: An Experiment with Data Saturation and Variability”, Field Methods, vol. 18, núm. 1, pp. 59 –82.
Gutiérrez, David G. (1995) Walls and Mirrors. Mexican Americans, Mexican immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity, University of California Press, Berkeley.
Heller, Agnes. (1987) Historia y Vida Cotidiana, Ediciones Península, Barcelona.
Lacayo, Celia Olivia. (2017) “Perpetual Inferiority: Whites’ Racial Ideology toward Latinos”, en Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, vol. 3, núm. 4, pp. 566–579.
Lyman, Standford. (1991) “Civilization, Culture, and Color: Changing Foundations of Robert E. Park's Sociology of Race Relations”, en International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, vol. 4, núm. 3, pp. 285-300.
MacIntosh, Tracy, Mayur M. Desai, Tene T. Lewis, Beth A. Jones, y Marcella Nunez-Smith. (2013) “Socially-assigned Race, Healthcare Discrimination and Preventative Healthcare Services”, en PLoS ONE, vol. 8, núm. 5, pp. 1–7.
Menchaca, Martha. (1995) The Mexican Outsider, a community history of marginalization and discrimination in California, University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas.
Ochoa, Gilda. (2004) Becoming Neighbors in a Mexican American Community, Power, Conflict, and Solidarity, University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas.
Omi, Michel y Howard Winant. (2015) Racial Formation in the Unted States, Routledge, Nueva York.
Park, Robert E. (1950) Race and Culture, The Free Press, Glencoe, Illinois.
Raffaelli, Marcela y Angela Wiley. (2012) “Challenges and Strengths of Immigrant Latino Families in the Rural West”, en Journal Family Issues, vol. 34, núm. 3, pp 347-372.
Sáenz, Rogelio y Karen M. Douglas. (2015) “A Call for the Racialization of Immigration Studies: On the Transition of Ethnic Immigrants to Racialized Immigrants”, en Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, vol. 1, núm. 1, pp. 166 -180.
Schaub, Jean-Frédéric. (2015) Pour une historie politique de la race, Éditions du Seuil, Francia.
Telles, Edward. (2010) “Mexican Americans and Immigrant Incorporation” en Contexs, vol. 9, núm., 1, pp. 28-33.
Vargas, Edward D., Nadia C. Winston, John A. Garcia y Gabriel R. Sanchez. (2016) “Latina/o or Mexicana/o? The Relationship between Socially Assigned Race and Experience with Discrimination”, en Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, vol. 2, núm. 4, pp. 498-515.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2021 Judith Pérez Spria
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