Resumen
Este estudio explora las experiencias de vida y el empoderamiento de cinco trabajadoras domésticas mexicanas indocumentadas emblemáticas en la ciudad de Nueva York (NYC). Empleando la identidad como marco conceptual, profundizamos en los aspectos intrincados de las vidas de las participantes, utilizando la investigación narrativa y las metodologías feministas para analizar la dinámica entre sus identidades performativas y las ideologías predominantes sobre los inmigrantes indocumentados. Las narrativas revelan sentimientos de rechazo y exclusión entre las participantes en NYC. Además, se enfoca en sus esfuerzos por desafiar las normas sociales, resistir las ideologías dominantes y diseñar estrategias de resistencia. Las cinco participantes expresan un sentido de empoderamiento derivado de sus experiencias, lo que les permite reconstruir su pasado y presentarse como individuos resilientes, proactivos, activistas y hablantes competentes de inglés. En última instancia, los hallazgos demuestran cómo las participantes afirman sus identidades narrativas, reclamando sus subjetividades y subvirtiendo las normas patriarcales al trascender los roles sociales convencionales.
Citas
American Immigration Council 2021, “Immigrants in the United States. Fact Sheet”. Retrieved from https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/immigrants-in-the-united-states
Barkhuizen, Gary 2019, “Chapter 16: Core dimensions of narrative inquiry”. In Jim McKinley and Heath Rose (Eds), The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in Applied Linguistics. New York: Routledge Handbooks.
Bauer, J. Jack, McAdams, Dan and Sakaeda, April 2005, “Interpreting the good life: Growth memories in the lives of mature, happy people”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 203–217.
Blackledge, Adrian and Pavlenko, Aneta 2001, “Negotiation of identities in multilingual contexts”. International Journal of Bilingualism, 5(3), 243–257.
Bloom, L. Rebecca 1998, Under the sign of hope. Feminist methodology and narrative interpretation. SUNY Series: State University of New York Press.
Bloom, L. Rebeca, et al. 2021, “Our Actions, Our Stories: A Readers Theater”. International Review of Qualitative Research, 14(1), 171–200. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940844720939048
Bourdieu, Pierre 1991, Langage et pouvoir symbolique. Paris : Éditions Seuil.
Bourdieu, Pierre and Wacquant, Loïc 1992/2014, Invitation à la sociologie réflexive. Paris: Éditions Seuil.
Bustamante, Luis Noe 2002, “Latinos experience discrimination from other Latinos about as much as from non-Latinos”. Pew Research Center, May 2, 2022. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/05/02/latinos-experience-discrimination-from-other-latinos-about-as-much-as-from-non-latinos/
Butler, Judith 1997, Excitable speech. A politics of the Performative. New York, Routledge.
Cameron, David 1997, “Performing Gender Identity: Young men's talk and construction of heterosexual masculinity”. In: S. Johnson and U. Meinhof, ed., Language and Masculinity, 1st ed. Oxford: Blackwell, pp.47-64.
Courtney Smith, Robert 2005, Mexicans in New York. Transnational Lives of New Immigrants. California: University of California Press.
Canagarajah, Suresh 2020, “Introduction. The Nexus of migration and language. The emergence of a disciplinary space”. In Suresh Canagarajah (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Migration and Language, 1-28. Routledge Handbooks.
Castells, Manuel 2009, The power of identity, Volume 2, Second Edition. U.S.: Wiley-Blackwell.
Catanzarite, Lisa 2000, “Brown Collar Jobs”: Occupational Segregation and Earnings of Recent Immigrant Latinos.” Sociological Perspectives 43, 1, 45–75.
Coleman, Marilyn and Ganong, Lawrence (Eds.) 2014, The social history of the American family: An encyclopedia. (Vols. 1-4). SAGE Publications, Inc..
Davies, Bronwyn and Harré, Rom 1990, “Positioning: the discursive construction of selves”. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 20, 43–63.
De Fina, Ana 2011, “Discourse and identity”. In Teun A. Van Dijk (ed.), Discourse studies: a multidisciplinary introduction, pp. 263-282. Los Angeles: Sage.
De Fina, Ana and Georgakopoulou, Alexandra 2012, Analyzing narrative: discourse and sociolinguistic perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
De Genova, Nicholas 2005, Working the Boundaries: Race, Space, and ‘Illegality’ in Mexican Chicago, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Desilver, Drew 2017, “Immigrants don’t make up a majority of workers in any U.S. industry”. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2017/03/16/immigrants-dont-make-up-a-majority-of-workers-in-any-u-s-industry/
Dorner, Lisa, Orellana, Marjorie and Jiménez, Rosa 2008, “It's One of Those Things That You Do to Help the Family': Language Brokering and the Development of Immigrant Adolescents”. Journal of Adolescent Research. 23 (5), 515–543.
Epstein Becker and Green 2021, “Time is money: a quick wage hour tip on compensating domestic workers in New York”. Retrieved from https://natlawreview.com/article/time-money-quick-wage-hour-tip-compensating-domestic-workers-new-york
Fereday, Jennifer and Muir-Cochrane, Eimear 2006, “Demonstrating Rigor Using Thematic Analysis: A Hybrid Approach of Inductive and Deductive Coding and Theme Development”. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1), p. 80-92.
Gonzales, Roberto 2016, Lives in Limbo. Undocumented and coming of age in America. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
González-Barrera, Ana and López, Marc 2020, “Before covid-19, many Latinos worried about their place in America and had experienced discrimination”. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2020/07/22/before-covid-19-many-latinos-worried-about-their-place-in-america-and-had-experienced-discrimination/
Gómez Izquierdo, José Jorge 2006
Los caminos del racismo en México, 1. Ed., Mexico: Plaza y Valdés y BUAP.
Grieco, Elizabeth and Cassidy, Rachel 2001, “Overview of Race and Hispanic origin”. Census 2000 Brief. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2001/dec/c2kbr01-01.html
Human Rights Watch 2001, Hidden in the home: Abuse of Domestic Workers with Special Visas in the United States, 13(2), 99. 1-56.
Li Ng, Juan José 2023, “Migración y remesas. México – Remesas cerrarán 2022 en máximo histórico (≈58,400 md), crecieron 3% en noviembre”. Retrieved from https://www.bbvaresearch.com/publicaciones/mexico-remesas-cerraran-2022-en-maximo-historico-58400md-crecieron-3-en-noviembre/
Massey, Douglas 2008, “The racialization of Mexicans in the United States? Racial stratification in theory and practice”. Migración y Desarrollo, 6(10).
Mattew, Miles, Huberman, Michael and Saldana, Johnny 2019, “Chapter 4: Fundamentals of qualitative data analysis” in Qualitative data. A methods sourcebook. Fourth Edition, pp. 69-104. SAGE Publications Inc.
Mayor’s Office of Immigrant Affairs 2020, “State of our immigration city”. Annual Report for Calendar Year 2020. Mayor’s Office of Immigrant Affairs (MOIA). Retrieved from https://a860-gpp.nyc.gov/concern/parent/sq87bw63d/file_sets/fj2364176
McAdams, Dan and McLean, Kate 2013, “Narrative identity”. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(3), 233-238.
Mexican Government 2014, “Hogares en Estados Unidos con jefatura mexicana según sexo del dirigente”. Retrieved from https://www.gob.mx/conapo/documentos/hogares-en-estados-unidos-con-jefatura-mexicana-segun-sexo-del-dirigente-2014
Ortiz, Vilma and Telles, Edward 2012, “Racial Identity and Racial Treatment of Mexican Americans”. Race and SociaL Problems, 4, 41–56.
Ozment Law 2022, “Undocumented immigrants often face injustices on the job”. Retrieved from https://www.ozmentlaw.com/articles/undocumented-immigrants-often-face-injustices-on-the-job/
Pac, Teresa 2012, “The English-Only Movement in the US and the World in the Twenty-First Century”. Perspectives on global development and technology, 11, 192-210.
Pérez-Soria, Judith 2017, “Mexican immigrants in the United States: A review of the literature on integration, segregation and discrimination”. Estudios Fronterizos, 18(37), 1-17.
Piñeyro Nelson, Carlos 2020, “La Alianza Nacional de Trabajadoras del hogar como modelo de organización en la ciudad de Nueva York”. In Alessandro Grassi, Daniele Fini, Yolanda Catalina Cruz Contreras (Eds.), Multiplicación del trabajo y nuevos retos para la justicia social, pp. 35-54. Mexico: Universidad Iberoamericana Puebla.
Portes Alejandro and Rumbaut, Rubén 2001, Legacies: The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press and Russell Sage Foundation
Rosenfeld, Jake 2014, What unions no longer do. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Rumbaut, Rubén 2004, “Ages, Life Stages, and Generational Cohorts: Decomposing the Immigrant First and Second Generations in the United States”. International Migration Review, 38(3), 1160-1205.
Unzueta Carrasco, Tania and Seif, Hinda 2014, “Disrupting the dream: Undocumented youth reframe citizenship and deportability through anti-deportation activism”. Latino Studies, 12(2), 279-299.
Weedon, Chris1987, Feminist Practice and Post-Structuralist Theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Yunus, N. Akma et al. 2022, “Reporting of the Translation Process in Qualitative Health Research: A Neglected Importance”. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21.
Zavella, Patricia 2016, “10. Mexicans’ Quotidian Struggles with Migration and Poverty”. In R. Gutierrez & T. Almaguer (Ed.), The New Latino Studies Reader: A Twenty-First-Century Perspective (pp. 235-265). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2024 Colette Despagne, María del Socorro Gutiérrez-Magallanes, Jorge Gómez Izquierdo